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- <text id=93CT1836>
- <title>
- Rwanda--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southern Africa
- Rwanda
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> According to folklore, Tutsi cattle breeders began arriving
- in the area from the Horn of Africa about 500 years ago and
- gradually subjugated the Hutu inhabitants. The Tutsis
- established a monarchy headed by a mwami (king) and a feudal
- caste of nobles. The Tutsis reduced the Hutus to serfdom
- through a contract known as ubuhake, whereby the Hutu farmers
- obligated their services to the Tutsi lords in return for cattle
- and the use of pastures and arable land.
- </p>
- <p> The first European to visit Rwanda was a German lieutenant,
- Count von Goetzen, in 1894. His party was followed by
- missionaries, notably the "White Fathers." In 1899, the court of
- mwami submitted to a German protectorate without resistance.
- Belgian troops from Zaire occupied Rwanda in 1916; after World
- War I, the League of Nations mandated Rwanda and its southern
- neighbor, Burundi, to Belgium as the Territory of Ruanda-Urundi.
- Following World War II, Ruanda-Urundi became a UN trust
- territory with Belgium as the administering authority.
- </p>
- <p> Reforms instituted by the Belgians in the l950s encouraged
- the growth of democratic political institutions but ultimately
- were resisted by Tutsi traditionalists who saw in them a threat
- to Tutsi rule. An increasingly restive Hutu population sparked
- revolt in November 1959, resulting in the overthrow of the Tutsi
- monarchy. Two years later, the Party of the Hutu Emancipation
- Movement (PARMEHUTU) won an overwhelming victory in a
- UN-supervised referendum. During the 1959 revolt and its
- aftermath, more than 160,000 Tutsis fled to neighboring
- countries.
- </p>
- <p> The PARMEHUTU government, formed as a result of the September
- 1961 election, was granted internal autonomy by Belgium on
- January 1, 1962. A June 1962 UN General Assembly resolution
- terminated the Belgian trusteeship and granted full independence
- to Rwanda (and Burundi) effective July 1, 1962.
- </p>
- <p> Gregoire Kayibanda, leader of the PARMEHUTU Party, became
- Rwanda's first elected president, directing a government chosen
- from the membership of the directly elected unicameral National
- Assembly. Peaceful negotiation of international problems, social
- and economic elevation of the masses, and integrated development
- of Rwanda were the ideals of the Kayibanda regime. Relations
- with 43 countries, including the United States, were established
- in the first 10 years.
- </p>
- <p> Despite the progress made, inefficiency and corruption began
- festering in government ministries in the mid-1960s. In 1968,
- disaffection in the National Assembly with the government led
- not to reform but to the purging of dissident elements from the
- party. The social and economic disruption that ensued culminated
- on July 5, 1973, when the military took power under the
- leadership of Maj. Gen. Juvenal Habyarimana, who dissolved the
- National Assembly and the PARMEHUTU Party and abolished all
- political activity.
- </p>
- <p> In 1975, the president announced the formation of the
- National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), whose
- goals are to promote peace and unity and national development.
- The movement is organized from the "hillside" to the national
- level and includes elected and appointed officials.
- </p>
- <p> Under MRND aegis, Rwandans went to the polls in December 1978
- and overwhelmingly endorsed a new constitution. In a related
- plebiscite, they confirmed President Habyarimana in his
- presidential duties. Progress toward the full resumption of
- civilian rule continued with the election of communal counselors
- in January 1980 and deputies to the newly created 64-member
- legislative body, the National Development Council (CND), in
- 1981. President Habyarimana was reelected in 1983, and the CND
- was increased to 70 members. New presidential (in which
- President Habyarimana was the sole candidate) and legislative
- elections were held in December 1988.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> Government policy is set by the president in consultation
- with the Council of Government, composed of 17 cabinet
- ministers. Laws are introduced by the president and submitted
- for approval to the CND. During its first year this
- parliamentary body passed 49 laws, including new tax laws,
- commercial regulations, and modifications to the criminal code.
- Although power remains in the presidency, the CND represents
- another step in the direction of democracy.
- </p>
- <p> Characterized by political moderation and fiscal
- conservatism, the Habyarimana government has focused on
- development problems, especially food production, education,
- health care, housing, employment, and infrastructure. Ethnic
- harmony is the governments stated objective. Although informal
- quotas have relegated the Tutsis to a minor role in government,
- civil service, and the military, there have been few
- manifestations of ethnic unrest.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- February 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-